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Eight principles of integrated pest management.Framework Directive 2.EC requires that all Member States show how their National Action Plans ensure the implementation of the eight general principles of IPM, and Article 5.Regulation 1. 10.PCD is a Division of the Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, and is the Competent Authority for pesticides Plant Protection Products and Biocides in Ireland.Endocrine disrupters Substances of very high concern that mimic or inhibit the effects of hormones.Identified on a casebycase basis and subject to authorisation.Biocidal Products Directive Manual Of Decisions' title='Biocidal Products Directive Manual Of Decisions' />The World Health Organization WHO has identified the following three major instruments as being the most relevant to GHS implementation.The use of pesticides made it possible to increase yields, simplify cropping systems, and forego more complicated crop protection strategies.Overreliance on. EC requires that professional pesticide users comply with these principles.Beyond the legal requirement, the authors believe that the set of general principles provides valuable guidance encouraging growers along a logical process of decision making.Intelligent application of the principles can be taken as an opportunity to both reduce dependency on pesticides and innovate.The eight principles and their numbering actually result from a logical sequence of events.Figure 3 illustrates this sequence.Principle 1 Prevention and suppression comes first because it encompasses the initial design and actions undertaken at the cropping system level to reduce the severity and frequency of pest outbreaks.Principles 2 Monitoring and 3 Decision making, which come into play once the cropping system is in place, are based on the idea that in season control measures result from a sound decision making process that takes into account actual or predicted pest incidence.In the event that an intervention is decided, Principles 4 to 7 offer a sequence of control options that can be explored starting with the least preoccupying ones first.Principle 8 Evaluation closes the loop by ensuring that users look back and assess their actions in view of improving the entire process.Fig 3. The sequential rationale behind the eight principles of IPM P1 P8.Adapted from Draft Guidance Document for establishing IPM principles, 2.Directorate General for the Environment and Beratungsgesellschaft fr integrierte Problemlsungen.Fig. 4. Principle 1 Diversifying crop rotation in arable crops as a preventive strategy.Fig. 5. Principle 2 Pheromone traps are commonly used in orchards to monitor lepidopteran pests of fruit.Fig. 6. Principle 4 Pheromone mating disruption is an alternative to chemical control against several lepidopteran pests of fruit.Fig. 7. Principle 4 Mechanical weeding is a major alternative to herbicide use.Fig. 8. Principle 5 Protecting honeybees is one criterion used for pesticide selection.Principle 1prevention and suppressionPrevention is better than cure is the first general rule in any production system.Prevention can be considered as the creation of cropping systems inherently less likely to experience significant economic losses due to the presence of pests.Suppression, understood as the reduction of the incidence of pests or of the severity of their impact, complements prevention.This principle means that the aim is not to completely eliminate pests but to prevent any single one from becoming dominant or damaging in a cropping system.Certain aspects of prevention dealing with the use of healthy and weed free planting material and detection of pathogens in substrates deserve more attention, particularly in light of new technologies.Many pathogens associated with seed become the source of disease in the subsequent year.Weed seed contaminating harvest can become a major problem in the subsequent year.Certification of disease free seed, seed potatoes, bulbs, cuttings, and new sorting technologies are very helpful in avoiding problems but it is important to apply measures early, prior to certification of harvested seed Van der Wolf et al.Soil substrates, manure, and other amendments can now be screened with modern molecular multiplex technologies to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the disease situation Van Gent Pelzer et al.Sikora et al. 2. 01.Such diagnostic allows better decision making regarding the choice of subsequent crops or cultivars.Been et al. 2. 00.For the detection of pathogens in latently infected seed and plants, however, new technologies with higher sensitivity are needed.Plant breeding for pest resistance is recognized as an important contributor to the development of prevention strategies.The use of pest tolerant and resistant cultivars will help to decrease dependence on pesticides in arable crops.However, absolute resistance to a specific pest in crops is not a realistic goal.Even resistance by pyramiding resistance genes in one cultivar can be overcome if no other measures to reduce selection pressure are applied.To avoid such an outcome, the use of new cultivars needs to be combined with continuous monitoring of emerging virulent biotypes and pathogens carrying resistance breaking genes.Haverkort et al. 2.Phytophthora in potato.Combinations of tactics and multi pest approach.The combination of control tactics into management strategies generates more effective and sustainable results than single tactic approaches.To create conditions that reduce the frequency and intensity of pest outbreaks, research and extension need to develop strategies integrating a range of methods.Plant genetic resistance can be exploited while addressing multiple pests, diversifying cropping systems in time and space, and integrating crop management practices and landscape effects within pest management.Even though testing such integrated strategies requires careful planning and relatively high investment, it is feasible.The FP7 PURE project Pesticide Use and risk Reduction in European farming systems with Integrated Pest Management, www.This European project successfully tested various combinations integrating the following tactics in maize based cropping systems foregoing pre emergence herbicides, establishing a false seedbed, harrowing at the 23 leaf stage, use of low dose post emergence herbicide, hoeing combined with postemergence band spraying, and Trichogramma releases against European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis PURE 2.When feasible, control strategies take into account multiple pests as control of one pest may affect others.In the UK, the Hortlink SCEPTRE 4 year, multi crop, multi season, multi pest project tested on farm is a combination of options against aphids, raspberry beetle, and Botrytis drawing from pest resistant varieties, biocontrol agents, precision monitoring, and biopesticides for protected raspberry systems Horticultural Development Company 2.The optimal combination in each region reduced pesticide inputs by at least 3.The further development of multi pest recommendations requires that scientific research, on farm testing, and advisorfarmer education programs move away from the compartmentalized study of weeds, insects, and pathogens.On farm and whole farm initiatives cutting across scientific disciplines are needed to take into account arthropod weed pathogen complexes and devise solutions that are workable from the farmers point of view.Rotation. Spatial and temporal diversification is key to minimizing pest pressure and achieving effective prevention.In organic arable crop farming, crop rotation is the most effective agronomic alternative to synthetic pesticides Fig. Windows Anytime Upgrade Windows 7 Ultimate Keygen 2012 Movie more. In annual crops, the manipulation of crop sequence to break the life cycle of pests through rotation with crop species belonging to different families is a major lever to strengthen robustness of cropping and farming systems.In this context, robustness refers to stabilizing agronomic performance in spite of disturbances caused by the presence of pests.A diversified crop sequence prevents selection and buildup of the best adapted pest populations.As a general rule in arable crop rotations, alternating winter and spring summer crops is recommended as this will break the life cycle of many pests, particularly weeds, more efficiently than a rotation with just winter or summer crops.Similar principles can also be developed for vegetable cropping systems where rotation between leaf and root crops is promoted, while the frequent occurrence of crops within the same botanical family is discouraged.For many specialist fungal pathogens, the selection of different crop families within a rotation effectively reduces pressure.There are other plant pathogens characterized by broad host range that need to be treated differently, however.Such is the case of the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae Bartoli et al.Lamichhane et al.Xanthomonas arboricola Lamichhane 2.Maize based cropping systems offer an illustration of the importance of crop rotation.Continuous maize cultivation is widespread in Europe for grain production as well as for silage and energy production. 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